Best supplements for weight loss
Best supplements for weight loss: Evidence-based guide
Most do little, some are risky, and a short list may help once the basics are in place. What the trials found for protein, fiber, caffeine, vinegar, creatine and more, plus what to skip and how to stay safe.
- Free Shipping on Every Meal PlanFree Shipping
- Up to 20% Off 30-Meal PlansUp to 20% Off
- Chef Cooked, Dietitian BuiltDietitian Built
- Heat & Eat in MinutesHeat & Eat

No pill melts fat off your body while you sleep. The supplement aisle sells that promise anyway, with labels like "rapid fat loss" and "burn fat 24/7." If you've bought a few of these bottles, you may have a cabinet of half-used containers to show for it.
Most of these products have small effects at best, and some are dangerous. A JAMA Network Open analysis of FDA records from 2007 through 2016 identified 776 adulterated dietary supplements, and weight loss products made up 41% of them. Marketing budgets make every bottle sound different, special and backed by science, so the label is a poor guide to what's inside.
This guide covers which supplements have research behind them (it's a short list), which ones waste your money, which ones might hurt you, and how to use one without draining your wallet. The basics still do most of the work: enough protein, regular movement, enough sleep and manageable stress. A supplement is a small add-on to that foundation, and we'll size each one with the numbers from the studies.
Supplements that may help with weight loss
What are the best supplements for weight loss?
Quick answer
Protein powder is the most practical, followed by fiber, coffee or tea, and possibly diluted vinegar. None of them burns fat. At best, expect about 1 to 3 extra pounds over several months on top of diet and exercise. Skip multi-ingredient fat burner blends.
Set your expectations before you read the table. Even the better options here have modest effects. Pooled trial results for the better-studied ones, such as chromium and curcumin, tend to land around 0.6 to 1.1 kg, or about 1.3 to 2.4 pounds. That's the scale of help we're talking about: small, and only alongside proper diet and exercise.
Use these to support your diet and fitness habits, never to replace them. For some people a modest effect still has value, because it makes the plan easier to stick with, and sticking with it is what drives long-term results.
| Supplement | Expected impact | How to use | Caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protein powder | Helps hit protein targets, supports fullness and lean mass during weight loss | 20 to 40 g as needed to reach about 1.2 to 1.6 g/kg a day | Allergies and intolerances, choose third-party tested |
| Fiber supplements | May aid fullness and regularity, weight loss effects are small and inconsistent | Start at 3 to 5 g, build slowly with plenty of water, take away from medications | Gas or bloating if increased too quickly |
| Caffeine or tea | Small bump in energy use, may curb appetite for some | Coffee or tea, not high-dose extracts | Sleep loss, jitters, blood pressure, avoid late in the day |
| Apple cider vinegar | Small and uncertain, one headline trial was retracted | About 15 to 30 mL a day diluted in water with meals | Stomach upset, tooth enamel erosion, may interact with medications |
| Capsaicin or capsinoids | About 34 extra calories a day at rest | Food forms like chili and hot sauce, or low-dose capsules if tolerated | Stomach irritation, little effect alone |
| Creatine monohydrate | Not a fat burner, supports strength and high-intensity training | 3 to 5 g a day alongside resistance training | Often a 2 to 4 lb scale increase from water in the first 1 to 2 weeks |
| Curcumin from turmeric | About 1.3 lb average loss in trials, with signals strongest in adults with obesity or diabetes | Bioavailability-enhanced product, follow the label, talk with your doctor first | Interacts with blood thinners and diabetes medication, rare liver injury reports |
The short list: supplements that may help a little
Every number in that table gets its own section below, along with the caveats. If you only read one more chapter, read the one on safety alerts, because a few products in this category can do real harm.
Weight loss basics before supplements
Why don't supplements work on their own?
Quick answer
You have to be in a calorie deficit to lose weight, and no supplement gets around that. Most also fail because the ingredient has no real evidence, the dose is too low, or the product is contaminated. Protein, movement and sleep come first.
Before we get to specific supplements, it's worth seeing why they'll never be the whole answer. Understanding this can save you a lot of money and frustration.
The foundation comes first
Think of weight loss like building a house. Supplements are the paint color: nice to have, and useless if you don't have walls. Here are the walls.
Protein at every meal. Protein helps with fullness, and a review of higher-protein diets found modest benefits for weight loss and body composition. It also helps protect muscle, though the size of that effect depends on the study. In a 2018 trial in the journal Obesity, 70 postmenopausal women with obesity ate either 0.8 g/kg of protein a day or 1.2 g/kg with added whey. At 5% weight loss, thigh muscle volume fell 4.7% in the lower-protein group and 2.8% in the higher-protein group. At 10% weight loss the gap was no longer significant (5.5% and 4.5%), strength didn't differ, and the authors called the effects not clinically important.
A 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis in Clinical Nutrition ESPEN went further, with 47 studies and 3,218 people. Higher protein helped preserve muscle mass during weight loss, though not strength or physical function. The authors estimated that intakes above 1.3 g/kg a day can be expected to support muscle mass, while intakes below 1.0 g/kg a day carry a higher risk of decline. A practical target is 25 to 35 grams of protein per meal across 3 to 4 meals a day. Our protein intake calculator can dial in your number.
Consistent movement. You don't need to become a gym rat, but you do need to move daily. A reasonable target is 7,000 to 10,000 steps a day plus 2 to 3 strength sessions a week. The strength work matters most, since it helps preserve muscle while you're in a calorie deficit.
Quality sleep. When you're short on sleep, hunger hormones tend to move the wrong way. A 2023 laboratory study in Obesity put 44 people through one night of total sleep deprivation. Leptin, a satiety hormone, was lower (17.3 versus 18.6) and ghrelin, which promotes hunger, was higher (839 versus 741), both in people at a healthy weight and people with obesity. That's one night in a lab, but the direction fits what most of us feel the next day. Aim for at least seven hours. No supplement makes up for chronic sleep loss.
The calorie deficit reality
You have to be in a calorie deficit to lose weight. No supplement can bypass that. Even if a product raises your metabolism slightly, and most don't, it won't matter if you're eating more calories than you burn. For a closer look at which whole foods make the deficit easier to hold, see our complete guide to the best foods for weight loss.
Certain supplements can make the deficit easier by helping with fullness, helping you get enough protein or giving you a little energy. They work alongside your effort, not instead of it.
Why most supplements fail
Most weight loss supplements fail for one of three reasons: the ingredients have no real evidence behind them, the dose is too low to do anything, or the product is contaminated with unlisted and sometimes dangerous drugs. The FDA has no authority to approve dietary supplements before they're sold, so a bold claim on the label doesn't mean anyone checked it first.
That's why the rest of this guide focuses on the small group with research support, used at realistic doses, from reputable sources.
Protein powder for weight loss
Is protein powder the most useful pick?
Quick answer
For most people, yes, because it makes a useful protein target easier to hit, not because it burns fat. Aim for about 1.2 to 1.6 g/kg of body weight a day. For a 150-pound person, that's roughly 80 to 110 grams.
If you're going to buy one supplement for weight loss, make it protein powder. It isn't a fat burner. It's simply the easiest way to close the gap between the protein you eat and the protein you meant to eat, and getting enough protein is one of the more useful things you can do while losing weight.
Why protein powder helps
Protein tends to keep you fuller than carbs or fats, which is useful when you're eating less. The larger benefit is that enough protein during weight loss helps protect muscle mass.
The 2024 Clinical Nutrition ESPEN meta-analysis pooled 28 trials and 1,989 people on muscle mass and found a standardized difference of 0.75 in favor of higher protein. The 2018 whey trial is more modest: women at 1.2 g/kg a day lost less thigh muscle than women at 0.8 g/kg at the 5% weight loss mark, and that difference faded by 10%. Put together, more protein probably helps you keep muscle, but it's not a dramatic effect in any one study.
Here's what that means in practice. Two people lose 20 pounds, and one of them keeps a bit more muscle. That person is likely to end up stronger, with better body composition. It's a real benefit, and you get it from protein in any form.
How to choose & use protein powder
Whey protein: Fast-absorbing, a complete amino acid profile and the most studied for weight loss. It works well after a workout or between meals.
Casein protein: Slower-digesting and may help with overnight muscle preservation. It's usually taken before bed.
Soy protein: A plant-based complete protein that suits vegans. The research is thinner than for whey, but it's a reasonable option.
Pea protein: Another solid plant option, and easy to digest for most people.
Dosing strategy: Use 20 to 40 grams per serving to add to your whole food protein. Most people do fine with one shake a day, either with a meal or between meals. The goal is about 1.2 to 1.6 g/kg of body weight a day, spread across 3 to 4 meals.
Quality matters: Choose brands with an NSF Certified for Sport or USP Verified seal. These programs test products for contaminants and label accuracy, and NSF Certified for Sport also screens for banned substances. Check the seal on the product itself, since brand reputation alone doesn't tell you what's in the tub.
When protein powder makes sense
You probably need protein powder if you're eating less than 100 grams of protein a day, struggling to hit your target with whole foods, or need something fast on busy days. You likely won't need it if you already eat 4 to 6 ounces of a protein food at every meal.
For most people trying to lose weight, protein powder fills the gap between what they're eating and what they should be eating. It's convenient protein that helps you stick to your plan, and nothing more.
Fiber supplements for weight loss
Do fiber supplements help you lose weight?
Quick answer
A little, mostly by helping you feel full, and study results are inconsistent. Glucomannan's 8-trial review found a 0.22 kg difference that wasn't significant. Foods should come first. A supplement makes sense if you can't reach 25 to 35 grams of fiber a day.
Fiber supplements help with sticking to your plan rather than directly burning fat. They can increase fullness, slow digestion and steady blood sugar, which may help with cravings. The effects on weight are modest and vary across studies, but plenty of people find them useful. For the bigger picture on why fiber matters beyond a supplement bottle, see our ultimate guide to dietary fiber.
Fiber supplement types & what they do
Psyllium husk: One of the best-known fiber supplements. It forms a gel in your digestive tract, which increases fullness and improves regularity. Start with 3 to 5 grams before meals and work up to 10 to 15 grams a day.
Glucomannan: A very water-absorbent fiber from konjac root. A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis in the Journal of the American College of Nutrition found no statistically significant weight loss difference from placebo across 8 randomized trials (0.22 kg). If you try it, use 1 to 3 grams before meals with plenty of water.
Inulin and FOS: Prebiotic fibers that feed gut bacteria. They may help with fullness and gut health, but they're not a standalone fix. You'll find them in many fiber supplements and protein bars.
How to use fiber supplements
Start low and go slow. Too much fiber too quickly will leave you bloated, gassy and miserable. Here's a sensible ramp:
- Week 1: 3 to 5 grams once a day, with a full glass of water (8 to 12 ounces), 15 to 30 minutes before your largest meal.
- Weeks 2 to 3: If you're tolerating it well, add a second dose before another meal.
- Week 4 and on: Hold there or increase slightly, up to 15 to 20 grams a day if you need it.
When a fiber supplement is worth buying
For most people, eating more high-fiber foods such as vegetables, beans, whole grains and fruit will do more than a supplement. If you consistently fall short of the commonly recommended 25 to 35 grams of fiber a day, a supplement can help bridge the gap.
Fiber supplements work best as a short-term tool while you build better eating habits. Once you're eating vegetables with most meals, you likely won't need them.
Caffeine & tea for weight loss
How much does caffeine help with weight loss?
Quick answer
Not much. In a small lab study, 100 mg every 2 hours for 12 hours burned about 80 to 150 extra calories a day, and regular drinkers may see less. Use coffee or tea, stay under 400 mg a day, and skip high-dose extracts.
Caffeine gets a lot of hype in the weight loss world, and part of it is earned, since it does slightly increase energy use. Put the effect in perspective, though. The best-known figure is about 80 to 150 calories a day, from a demanding dosing schedule most people wouldn't follow.
What caffeine does for metabolism
A foundational study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition gave people 100 mg of caffeine every two hours over 12 hours. Energy use rose by 8 to 11%, which worked out to about 150 extra calories a day in lean people and about 79 in people who had previously had obesity. A 2023 meta-analysis in the International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism pooled 94 studies and found a small effect of caffeine on fat metabolism (effect size 0.39), more consistent in blood markers than in whole-body measurements. Tolerance matters too: regular caffeine drinkers may see less of an effect.
The indirect effect may matter more. Caffeine can make you more alert, which makes you more likely to move during the day and train harder. That's hard to measure, but it's a fairer reason to keep your morning coffee than the small metabolic bump.
Coffee, tea & caffeine pills compared
Coffee: Your best bet. Black coffee has almost no calories. The FDA's 400 mg daily reference point works out to about two to three 12-ounce cups, or roughly four 8-ounce cups. Watch the timing, and avoid it after 2 PM if it affects your sleep.
Green or black tea: Contains caffeine plus compounds like EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) that may have small metabolic effects. Tea drinkers may have slightly lower body fat in some observational research, but it's hard to separate the tea from the rest of their habits.
Caffeine pills or high-dose extracts: Skip them. A single pill can hold 200 to 400 mg, which can bring on jitters, anxiety and poor sleep. You also miss the other compounds in a brewed drink.
Green tea extract: The hype & the liver risk
Green tea extract is heavily marketed for weight loss, and the research doesn't support the hype. A Cochrane review of green tea preparations found small, non-significant weight loss that wasn't clinically important. There are also reports of liver damage. A 2022 case report and review in Clinical Liver Disease covers acute liver injury linked to these extracts.
The European Food Safety Authority concluded that green tea drinks are generally safe, while supplement doses of 800 mg a day of EGCG may be linked to the first signs of liver damage. It saw no indication of liver injury below that dose, but it couldn't identify a safe dose either. EFSA also pointed out a difference in how people take them: tea tends to be sipped with food through the day, while supplements, especially for slimming, are more likely to be taken on an empty stomach as a single daily dose. Stick with brewed tea. If you enjoy green tea, 2 to 3 cups a day is fine. If you don't, skip it, because the effects aren't large enough to matter much.
Best practices for using caffeine
- Cap your daily intake. Stay under 400 mg a day.
- Watch the clock. Stop caffeine at least 6 to 8 hours before bed. Sleep loss can undo whatever small benefit caffeine gives you.
- Cycle off now and then. A few days off every couple of months may help with tolerance.
- Skip the stacks. Don't combine caffeine with multi-ingredient fat burners, since stimulants add up.
- Talk with your doctor first if you have anxiety, heart issues or high blood pressure.
The biggest benefit of coffee or tea for weight loss may be what it replaces. Swap out a soda, a juice or a sweetened coffee drink, and that calorie change can do more than the metabolic effect.
Apple cider vinegar, capsaicin, creatine & turmeric
Do vinegar, capsaicin, creatine or curcumin help?
Quick answer
Only slightly, and none is a fat burner. Capsaicin adds about 34 calories a day at rest. Curcumin averaged 0.59 kg in 50 trials. Vinegar's evidence got shakier after a key trial was retracted. Creatine supports strength, but it doesn't speed fat loss.
These come up constantly. Each has a specific, limited job, and each is easy to oversell. We'll take them one at a time, starting with the one that's had the most social media attention.
What the latest apple cider vinegar research shows
Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been pitched as a weight loss miracle for years, mostly on social media and in wellness circles. The evidence has always been thin, and it got shakier recently. We have a deeper article that goes through the studies and caveats: does apple cider vinegar really work for weight loss?
A 2025 meta-analysis in Nutrients analyzed 10 randomized trials with 789 participants and reported lower body weight, BMI and waist size with daily ACV (standardized difference of -0.39), mostly at 30 mL a day for up to 12 weeks. There's a catch. Its pool includes a 2024 trial that BMJ Group later retracted, citing implausible statistical values, no prospective registration and concerns about the raw data. So the pooled result needs a discount, and we no longer quote a pounds-lost figure from it.
An older double-blind Japanese trial is still worth knowing: over 12 weeks, people taking 15 or 30 mL a day had lower body weight and visceral fat than people on placebo. That's one trial. Taken together, vinegar might help a little, and we wouldn't plan around it.
How apple cider vinegar might work
The proposed mechanisms include better insulin sensitivity, slower stomach emptying so you feel full longer, and some effect on fat metabolism. The acetic acid may also slightly increase fat burning. None of this is fully understood. ACV doesn't burn fat directly, and any effect probably comes from small changes in appetite and how much you eat.
How to use apple cider vinegar safely
If you want to try it anyway, here's how to do it:
- Dose: 15 to 30 mL (1 to 2 tablespoons) a day, split between 1 or 2 doses.
- Timing: With meals, particularly meals with carbohydrates.
- Preparation: Always dilute it in 8 to 12 ounces of water. Never drink it straight, since the acidity can damage tooth enamel and irritate your esophagus.
- Tooth protection: Use a straw, then rinse your mouth with plain water. Wait about 30 minutes before you brush.
Who should avoid apple cider vinegar
Don't use ACV without talking with your doctor if you take diabetes medication (it may affect blood sugar) or diuretics (it may lower potassium), or if you have gastroparesis, which is delayed stomach emptying. If you have acid reflux or a sensitive stomach, start with a very dilute mix and see how it goes.
It's inexpensive and fairly low risk when used correctly. Could it help? Possibly, especially if it helps you control your appetite. Is it necessary? No. It's one small tool among many, and the evidence for it is weaker than it looked a couple of years ago.
Capsaicin: Minor thermogenic effects
Capsaicin is the active compound in chili peppers. It has a slight thermogenic effect, which means it temporarily raises your body's heat production and energy use. The effect is minor.
A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis in Phytotherapy Research pooled 13 studies in healthy adults and found that capsaicinoids and capsinoids raised resting metabolic rate by about 34 calories a day. That's about a third of a medium apple. The appetite effects are inconsistent, too: some people find spicy food reduces hunger, and others notice no difference.
The best approach is simple. If you like spicy food, enjoy it, and add hot sauce or chili peppers to your meals. You might get a small metabolic benefit, and your food will be more interesting. Capsaicin capsules aren't likely to change your results, and they're usually unnecessary.
Creatine during a calorie deficit
Many people stop creatine when they start dieting because the scale goes up. That's usually not a good reason to stop. Creatine doesn't burn fat, but it can help you keep training hard while you're eating less.
The International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand calls creatine monohydrate the most effective supplement available for increasing high-intensity exercise capacity and lean body mass during training. The evidence during a calorie deficit is much thinner. One small study put male resistance trainers on a low-calorie diet for 4 days. Fat-free mass fell 1.4% with creatine and 2.4% with placebo, and the creatine group tended to do more sprint work, but the authors concluded creatine did not change body fat or protein loss. So we won't promise that it holds on to muscle during a cut.
The catch is the scale. Many people gain 2 to 4 pounds in the first week or two. That's water stored inside muscle, not fat, and it levels off. If you lose 2 pounds of fat while gaining 3 pounds of water, the scale shows a gain even though you've lost fat. Track waist size and weekly trend weight rather than daily weigh-ins.
How to use it: Plain creatine monohydrate, 3 to 5 grams a day, every day, alongside resistance training and enough protein. A loading phase is optional and adds more initial water weight.
Turmeric & curcumin: A small effect for specific people
A 2023 umbrella review and meta-analysis in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition pooled 50 randomized trials, 21 of them at high risk of bias, and found curcumin reduced body weight by 0.59 kg (about 1.3 pounds), BMI by 0.24 kg/m2 and waist size by 1.32 cm. Bioavailability-enhanced formulas did somewhat better (0.80 kg), and the effects stood out especially in adults with obesity and diabetes. That's not the same as a generally healthy person looking to drop a few pounds.
Turmeric and curcumin aren't interchangeable. Curcumin makes up only about 2 to 5% of turmeric powder, so a teaspoon (about 3 g) holds roughly 60 to 150 mg. Matching a 1,000 to 2,000 mg daily dose from the spice jar would take about 7 to 33 teaspoons. Cook with turmeric for flavor. If you want to test what the trials measured, products often run 500 to 1,000 mg twice a day with meals. Follow the label, and give it 12 weeks with everything else held constant.
Talk with your doctor first if you take blood thinners or diabetes medication, have gallbladder disease, iron deficiency or a history of kidney stones, or are pregnant or breastfeeding. Tell your surgeon you take it if you have surgery scheduled.
Greens powders: Diet support, not fat loss
Greens powders don't burn fat. Their realistic value is indirect: they can help fill nutrient gaps when you're eating less, some include probiotics or prebiotic fiber, and a simple daily habit can make a broader routine easier to keep. Research on the ingredients they commonly contain shows modest effects on body weight at best: about 0.91 kg for probiotics and synbiotics and about 0.97 kg for inulin-type fiber, in a review co-written by staff at an ingredient maker. Those figures come from the ingredients at study doses, which a scoop of powder may not match.
Ignore "detox" and "alkalizing" claims. Your liver and kidneys already handle waste, and your body tightly regulates blood pH, so no powder changes that. Judge a product by a transparent label, realistic claims and low added sugar.
If you're on a GLP-1 medication and struggle to eat enough, a greens powder can complement your meals on low-appetite days, but it doesn't replace protein and whole foods. If you want one to pair with an active routine, Clean Eatz Superfoodz is one option.
Weight loss supplements to skip or avoid
Which supplements should you skip or avoid?
Quick answer
Skip high-dose green tea extract, glucomannan, chromium, CLA, L-carnitine and probiotics sold for fat loss, where pooled effects top out near 1.1 kg. Avoid fat burners, synephrine stacks, detox teas and Garcinia. Weight loss made up 41% of 776 adulterated supplements in FDA records.
This chapter has two parts. The first covers supplements that aren't especially dangerous but aren't worth your money. They show up constantly in searches, and the research doesn't back them. The second covers what to avoid because of safety. The FDA regularly issues warnings and seizures, but products continue to slip through.
Not worth it: High-dose green tea extract
We covered this above, but it bears repeating: high-dose green tea extract shows minimal weight loss and carries a risk of liver injury, with EFSA flagging supplement doses of 800 mg of EGCG a day. Stick with brewed tea. You avoid the risk, and you'll save money.
Not worth it: Glucomannan
Glucomannan (konjac fiber) is heavily marketed and is even allowed a weight loss claim in Europe, but controlled trials are inconsistent, and the pooled result of 8 trials wasn't significant. It's probably safe at 1 to 3 grams before meals with plenty of water, but it isn't particularly effective. You're better off with high-fiber whole foods, or psyllium if you want a supplement.
Not worth it: Chromium
Chromium picolinate has been sold for weight loss and blood sugar control for decades, and the evidence is weak. A 2003 meta-analysis in the International Journal of Obesity pooled 10 randomized trials and found a difference of just 1.1 kg, a result that depended on a single trial. A 2019 meta-analysis in Clinical Obesity drew on 21 trials from 19 studies, with 1,316 people, and found about 0.75 kg, which is modest. Some smaller studies show benefits for insulin sensitivity in people with diabetes, but that doesn't translate to meaningful weight loss for most people.
Not worth it: Probiotics for fat loss
The gut microbiome matters for health, but the idea that a probiotic capsule makes you lose fat is oversimplified. A comparative meta-analysis in Microbial Pathogenesis shows the strain problem. Lactobacillus acidophilus was tied to weight gain, and L. gasseri to weight loss, in both people and animals. L. plantarum was tied to loss, and L. fermentum and L. ingluviei to gain, but only in animals.
So "a probiotic" isn't one thing, and a label rarely tells you whether the strains and amounts match any study. A separate 2015 meta-analysis in Nutrition Research pooled only 4 randomized trials and found no significant effect on body weight or BMI. Eat fermented foods if you like them: yogurt, kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut and kombucha. You'll get a variety of bacterial strains along with real food, and you'll save money.
Not worth it: CLA
Conjugated linoleic acid was huge in the early 2000s, marketed for trimming belly fat. A 2012 review of randomized trials found a difference of about 0.70 kg, with unclear clinical relevance and stomach side effects. The marketing far exceeded the science. Skip it.
Not worth it: L-carnitine
L-carnitine plays a role in fat metabolism inside your cells, which sounds promising. The problem is that your body makes plenty of it, and extra doesn't meaningfully increase fat burning for most people. A 2026 narrative review in Nutrients looked at L-carnitine alongside green tea extract, glucomannan and Garcinia, and concluded that consistent evidence for weight management hasn't been established. Unless you have a diagnosed carnitine deficiency, which is rare, you don't need it for weight loss.
Avoid: Multi-ingredient fat burners
Don't trust the label on a fat burner, even from a retailer that looks reputable. Products like these have been linked to heart attacks, strokes, liver failure and deaths. The FDA keeps issuing warnings and seizing product, and contaminated bottles keep circulating.
Avoid: Synephrine with high caffeine
Synephrine, also called bitter orange extract, is a stimulant related to ephedrine. A 2023 review of case reports in Cardiovascular Toxicology documented 35 patients in 30 case reports who had medical events after taking pre-workout supplements containing synephrine. Chest pain, palpitations, fainting and dizziness were the most common, and 5 people were left disabled or on long-term medication. Case reports can't prove cause, and the authors couldn't rule out caffeine as a factor, which is itself a reason not to stack the two. Pre-workouts and fat burners often do. If you have heart issues or high blood pressure, or take medication, this combination is a bad bet.
Avoid: Detox teas & aggressive laxatives
These products cause rapid water loss through diuretic and laxative effects. You're losing water and possibly crucial electrolytes, not fat. Regular use can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, kidney problems and dependence on laxatives for normal bowel function.
Avoid: High-dose green tea extract & Garcinia cambogia
Both have been linked to rare but sometimes severe liver injury. Reports include acute liver failure, such as four cases tied to Garcinia cambogia and the green tea extract cases above. The risk seems to rise with dose, and no clearly safe supplement dose has been established. Avoid concentrated extracts, and get your tea from a cup.
Avoid: Alpilean & other thermogenic online supplements
Alpilean is sold online as a weight loss supplement that supposedly works by raising "inner body temperature." We found no peer-reviewed clinical evidence that it produces meaningful, lasting weight loss. A PubMed search on the name returned nothing. The marketing leans on testimonials and careful wording like "supports" and "may help."
Products sold this way, direct to consumers and outside regular retail, can carry the same adulteration and stimulant risks described above. Avoid them entirely if you have heart disease or high blood pressure, take blood pressure, diabetes, blood-thinning or antidepressant medication, or are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Red flags to watch for
- Promises of rapid fat loss. More than 2 pounds a week from a supplement alone isn't a believable claim.
- Proprietary blends. When a label doesn't list each ingredient's amount, it can hide a useless dose or worse.
- "Natural" with no third-party testing. That's a marketing word, not a safety guarantee.
- "FDA approved" supplements. They don't exist, because the FDA doesn't approve dietary supplements before they're sold.
- Suspicious reviews. All glowing, all posted in a tight window, all in generic language.
- MLM-only or sketchy website distribution. Products sold only through these channels are harder to check and harder to return.
If a product seems too good to be true, it likely is. Lasting weight loss is gradual, takes effort and doesn't come from a pill. Treat any product promising otherwise with suspicion.
Do weight loss pills work?
How do supplements stack up to prescriptions?
Quick answer
Over-the-counter pills mostly don't deliver. Prescription GLP-1 medications can, by a wide margin: about 15% of body weight with semaglutide and 15 to 21% with tirzepatide in major trials, alongside diet and exercise. They require a prescription and medical supervision.
The gap between the two categories is large. In the semaglutide trial, people lost 14.9% of their body weight over 68 weeks, compared with 2.4% on placebo. In the tirzepatide trial, they lost 15.0 to 20.9% over 72 weeks depending on the dose, compared with 3.1% on placebo. Everyone in those trials also followed a reduced-calorie diet and increased their activity.
These drugs, sold for weight management as Wegovy and Zepbound, work partly by reducing appetite and slowing stomach emptying. They're approved for adults with a BMI of 30 or higher, or 27 or higher with a weight-related condition. They come with side effects and require a prescription and medical supervision, so that conversation belongs with your doctor.
Over-the-counter options are far weaker. Berberine may produce a few pounds of loss, with meta-analyses at about 2.07 kg and about 0.84 kg. Green tea extract offers a small increase in calories burned, with the liver caveats above. Be especially wary of products sold as "GLP-1 boosters." They aren't medications. The FDA has warned about unapproved GLP-1 drugs and, in one 2026 warning letter, called a "GLP-1 biomimetic" supplement adulterated because it lacked adequate safety information for a new dietary ingredient.
If you're on a GLP-1 medication, what you eat matters even more, because protein and nutrient intake can drop along with your appetite. Our ultimate guide to the GLP-1 diet covers how to structure meals around the medication.
How to build a simple supplement stack
How do you build a safe supplement stack?
Quick answer
Lock in protein, fiber, movement and sleep first. Then pick 1 or 2 helpers for 8 to 12 weeks, buy third-party certified products, check with your doctor or pharmacist about medications, and track weekly trend weight and waist size so you know if it's working.
If you've decided to use supplements, keep it simple. You don't need 15 products. Here are the five steps, then the seven mistakes that trip people up.
Step 1: Lock in the foundations
Before you spend a dollar on supplements, get these in place:
- Protein: 25 to 35 grams per meal, 3 to 4 times a day.
- Fiber and produce: Vegetables or beans at most meals.
- Daily steps: Aim for 7,000 to 10,000.
- Strength training: At least 2 to 3 sessions a week.
- Sleep: 7 to 8 hours a night.
If you're not doing these things consistently, supplements won't help much. Work on the foundation first.
Step 2: Pick 1 or 2 helpers for 8 to 12 weeks
Choose based on where you're struggling:
- If you're not hitting protein targets: Add protein powder, 20 to 40 grams a day.
- If you're constantly hungry: Try psyllium, 5 to 15 grams a day before meals, or diluted apple cider vinegar, 15 to 30 mL with meals.
- If you're dragging: Adjust your caffeine timing with coffee or tea, as long as it doesn't disrupt sleep.
Three simple stacks that follow that logic:
- Stack 1: Protein powder after workouts, plus psyllium before lunch and dinner.
- Stack 2: Protein powder in a morning smoothie, diluted ACV with meals and black coffee mid-morning.
- Stack 3: Just protein powder to hit your target. This is often enough.
Step 3: Buy certified products
Look for these third-party testing seals:
- USP Verified: The product contains the listed ingredients in the declared amounts.
- NSF/ANSI 173: Tested for contaminants and label accuracy.
- NSF Certified for Sport: Extra testing for banned substances, which matters for athletes.
- Informed Choice or Informed Sport: Another solid certification for contamination testing.
Certified products often cost more. You're paying for a better chance of getting what's on the label, and we think that's worth it.
Step 4: Check your medications
If you take any prescription medication, especially for diabetes, thyroid conditions, blood pressure or depression, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before adding a supplement. Many supplements can interact with medications or affect how they're absorbed.
If you're on a GLP-1 medication such as Ozempic, Wegovy or Mounjaro, the calculation shifts further. Getting enough protein matters more when your appetite is suppressed. Our ultimate guide to the GLP-1 diet walks through how to structure your eating around the medication.
If you're pregnant, breastfeeding or have liver or kidney issues, talk with your doctor before taking any supplement beyond a basic multivitamin.
Step 5: Measure what matters
Track these each week:
- Weekly trend weight, not daily swings.
- Waist size, at the same spot and the same time of day.
- Daily step count, from your phone or watch.
- Protein and fiber intake. A quick 7-day average is enough.
- Sleep hours, to catch any slide.
- Training quality and energy levels, in a few words.
One firm rule: if a supplement hurts your sleep or your training, stop taking it. It isn't worth sacrificing the foundations that drive results.
Mistake 1: Starting before you fix the basics
This is the biggest one. People who barely eat protein, never track their food and don't exercise regularly can spend a lot every month on supplements that can't possibly carry the load. Supplements are the last small slice of the equation, not the first.
The fix: Spend your first 4 to 8 weeks on the basics with no supplements, except maybe protein powder. Add others only after your food, movement and sleep habits are consistent.
Mistake 2: Taking too many at once
A long row of bottles is expensive and tells you nothing. When you take that many things, you have no idea what's helping and what's hurting.
The fix: Keep it to 1 or 2 supplements beyond protein powder. Add them one at a time, 2 to 3 weeks apart, so you can tell if each one is doing anything.
Mistake 3: Falling for proprietary blends
Proprietary blends sound fancy, but they're a red flag. They let manufacturers hide the amount of each ingredient. You might get 10 mg of something that needs 500 mg to matter, and you'd never know.
The fix: Only buy products that list the exact amount of each ingredient. If the label won't tell you what's in it, don't buy it.
Mistake 4: Trying a supplement for too little or too long
Some people try a supplement for a week, see nothing and move on to the next. Others keep taking something that clearly isn't working for months, because they already spent the money.
The fix: Give each one a fair trial of 8 to 12 weeks while your diet and exercise stay consistent. If you see no benefit in the numbers from Step 5, stop and save your money.
Mistake 5: Ignoring supplement-drug interactions
Many people assume supplements are "natural" and therefore safe to combine with medications. That's a risky assumption. Fiber can interfere with how medications are absorbed, caffeine can interact with stimulant medications, and vinegar can affect blood sugar control.
The fix: Check with your pharmacist about interactions before you start something new, especially if you take prescription medication regularly.
Mistake 6: Buying from social media endorsements
An influencer pushing a fat burner is often paid to do it, sometimes with an affiliate link that pays a share of every sale. That's a sales channel, not health advice.
The fix: Look for published research, not testimonials. Be especially skeptical of dramatic before-and-after photos and of "scientific studies" that don't link to a peer-reviewed paper.
Mistake 7: Not adjusting for results
If you're losing weight consistently without supplements, you don't need them. If you're not losing weight with them, they aren't doing their job. Either way, look at your diet and activity before you add another bottle.
The fix: Review your progress every 4 weeks. If you're getting results, keep doing what you're doing. If you're not, address the real problem, which is usually consistency with diet or activity.
Real food solutions for weight loss
What works better than supplements for most people?
Quick answer
Making the food part easier. Whether you can keep eating enough protein in a calorie deficit matters more than any bottle here. Planning, cooking in batches or stocking ready meals all solve that. Our Weight Loss Meal Plan runs about $7.56 to $9.00 a meal.
For most people, the fix isn't another supplement. It's making the actual food part easier and more consistent. What decides your results is whether you can keep eating the right amount of protein and stay in a calorie deficit without feeling deprived. That's where meal planning comes in, and our complete meal prep guide has the full system for making it stick.
Why meal prep beats supplements
Protein powder helps you hit your protein target. So does having high-protein meals ready in your freezer, and those are also dinner. When a portion-controlled meal is ready to go, you're not scrambling at 7 PM to decide between cooking and ordering pizza, or skipping dinner and raiding the pantry later. That's the problem most people have, and no pill addresses it.
Clean Eatz Kitchen options for weight loss
If cooking every meal is where your plan falls apart, this is the part we can help with. Every meal's calories, protein, carbs, fat, fiber, cholesterol and sodium are on our Nutrition Info page. Our current menu (October 2026) has 32 meals, from 250 to 630 calories (median 410) and 20 to 55 grams of protein (median 31.5). Sodium runs from 360 to 1,550 mg, so check that column if it matters for you.
Make it easy withWeight Loss Meal PlanFrom $89.95View plan Weight Loss Meal Plan: Our curated plan for calorie control. The meals are portion-controlled, calorie-controlled and macro-balanced, so you don't have to work out the numbers yourself. It starts at $89.95 for 10 meals, about $9.00 each.
High Protein Meal Plan: Each meal has 2 extra ounces of meat compared with our regular recipes, which adds about 10 grams of protein and 50 calories. These run about 500 or more calories a meal. If you're trying to protect muscle while losing fat, this plan makes a daily protein target of 1.2 to 1.6 g/kg easier to reach without powder. It starts at $63.00 for 6 meals.
Build A Meal Plan: For people who want full control. Pick your meals one by one, with the macros listed, and narrow the menu with goal filters such as Weight Loss, High Protein, Low Carb, High Fiber and Gluten Free. Our meals are made on shared equipment, so the Gluten Free filter isn't safe for celiac disease or a severe gluten reaction. There's no subscription.
How meal prep solves weight loss problems
A lot of diet trouble comes down to decisions and preparation rather than willpower. When you're hungry and tired with nothing ready, you're going to make a worse choice than you'd planned. Having meals on hand removes that moment.
Our meals are flash-frozen, then shipped to the contiguous 48 states on dry ice, and shipping is free on meal plans. Keep them in your freezer for up to 12 months and heat them in a few minutes in the microwave. That means no Sunday prep marathon, no buying ingredients you'll use once and no cleanup.
The math that matters
Run the numbers with your own receipts. Cooking from scratch will usually cost less, and if you enjoy it and keep it up, keep doing it. The comparison worth making is against what you're paying now: bottles that aren't doing much, plus takeout on the nights you're too tired to cook.
Replacing one meal a day for a month is about 30 meals. A 30-meal Weight Loss Meal Plan is $226.75 with free shipping, about $7.56 a meal. Add up last month's supplements and delivery orders and see how that compares. Unlike a supplement, it's also actual food, with protein and vegetables that fill you up. You can browse all of Clean Eatz Kitchen's curated meal plans.
The basics that drive weight loss
No supplement will make you lose weight if your diet and exercise habits aren't in place. Supplements are tools. The ones with the best evidence (protein powder, fiber and caffeine from coffee or tea, and more doubtfully apple cider vinegar) offer modest benefits at best, perhaps an extra 1 to 3 pounds over several months. That's not the dramatic change promised on the label. Here's what to put first:
- Enough protein at every meal: 25 to 35 grams, 3 to 4 times a day.
- A consistent calorie deficit: 500 to 750 calories below maintenance, which works out to about 1 to 1.5 pounds a week.
- Regular movement: Daily steps plus 2 to 3 strength sessions a week.
- Quality sleep: 7 to 8 hours a night.
- Stress management: Chronic stress can get in the way of sleep and eating habits.
- Patience and consistency: Weight loss is slow, and that's normal.
Once those are in place, you could consider 1 or 2 supplements, from third-party tested brands at sensible doses. Use them if they help you stick to the plan. There are no shortcuts, but there are ways to make the work easier, and that's where your money should go.
Weight loss supplement FAQ
Common questions about weight loss supplements
What's the single best supplement for weight loss?
There isn't one. The most practical helper is protein powder because it makes your protein target easier to hit, which supports fullness and muscle retention during a calorie deficit. It's a helper, though, and it only works on top of a solid foundation of nutrition and exercise. It can't replace either one.
Is it worth it?
If you mean a fiber supplement, it's worth it when you consistently fall short of 25 to 35 grams of fiber a day. For most people, more vegetables, beans, whole grains and fruit will do more than a supplement. Use one as a short-term bridge while you build better eating habits.
Green tea extract: Worth it or overhyped?
Overhyped. A Cochrane review found small, non-significant weight loss from green tea preparations, and the extracts have been linked to rare but serious liver injury. The European Food Safety Authority flagged supplement doses of 800 mg of EGCG a day and couldn't identify a safe dose. Brewed tea is the better choice if you enjoy it.
Do green tea pills burn fat?
Not in any meaningful way. Brewed green tea is fine and may offer minor benefits. High-dose extracts show minimal effects and have been linked to rare but serious liver injury, with concerns starting at about 800 mg of EGCG a day. It's better to stick with brewed tea, since you avoid the risk.
Is apple cider vinegar legit for weight loss?
It's unproven at best. A 2025 meta-analysis reported modest reductions in weight and BMI, but it included a 2024 trial that BMJ Group later retracted, so that result needs a discount. If you try it, dilute 1 to 2 tablespoons in water with meals and protect your teeth. Don't count on it.
Are probiotics good for weight loss?
The evidence is strain-specific and mixed, and any effect is small. Pooled trials of probiotics and synbiotics found about 0.91 kg, while a smaller analysis found no significant effect. Some strains have even been tied to weight gain. Focus on fermented foods like yogurt, kefir and kimchi as part of your overall diet instead.
How do I spot a safe supplement product?
Choose brands with third-party certifications like USP Verified or NSF/ANSI 173, or NSF Certified for Sport if you're an athlete. Avoid products that promise rapid fat loss or list stimulant blends with vague ingredients. Certification lowers the risk of contamination and makes it more likely that what's on the label is in the bottle.
Can supplements replace diet & exercise?
No. Supplements can only support a solid foundation of nutrition and regular exercise, and the best routine won't overcome a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle. Focus on 25 to 35 grams of protein per meal, plenty of vegetables, daily activity and at least 7 hours of sleep before you consider a supplement.
How much protein should I consume daily for weight loss?
A common target is 1.2 to 1.6 grams per kilogram of body weight a day, across 3 to 4 meals with 25 to 35 grams each. A 2024 meta-analysis estimated that intakes above 1.3 g/kg a day support muscle mass during weight loss. For a 150-pound person, that range is roughly 80 to 110 grams a day.
Should I take supplements if I'm on medication?
Talk with your doctor or pharmacist before starting any supplement if you take prescription medication, are pregnant or breastfeeding, or have liver or kidney issues. Many supplements can interact with medications, especially those for diabetes, blood pressure, thyroid conditions and depression. Your pharmacist can check for specific interactions.
How long should I try a supplement before deciding if it works?
Give it 8 to 12 weeks while your diet and exercise stay consistent. Track objective numbers like weekly trend weight and waist size, along with how you feel. If you see no benefit after 12 weeks of consistent use, it probably isn't working for you, and you can stop spending money on it.
Are "natural" supplements safer than synthetic ones?
Not necessarily. "Natural" is a marketing term, not a safety guarantee. Many natural compounds are toxic, like deadly nightshade, and many synthetic compounds are safe. What matters is whether the product has been third-party tested, contains what the label says and is free of contaminants. Don't assume natural equals safe.
What about creatine for weight loss?
Creatine isn't a weight loss supplement. It helps with strength training and high-intensity work, and one small diet study found no change in body fat or protein loss. Expect some initial scale gain from water stored in muscle. If you lift consistently, 3 to 5 grams of creatine monohydrate a day is well studied. Don't expect direct fat loss.
Do fat burners actually work?
Most multi-ingredient fat burners don't produce meaningful weight loss, and many have been found to contain hidden drugs. FDA records from 2007 through 2016 show 317 adulterated weight loss supplements. About 85% of them contained sibutramine, a drug pulled from the US market in 2010 over cardiovascular risks. Skip fat burner blends entirely.
Does turmeric help with weight loss?
A little, for some people. A 2023 meta-analysis of 50 randomized trials found curcumin reduced body weight by about 1.3 pounds on average, especially in adults with obesity and diabetes. Kitchen turmeric contains too little curcumin to matter. Enhanced products have been linked to rare liver injury, so check with your doctor first, especially if you take blood thinners or diabetes medication.
Do greens powders help with weight loss?
Not directly. Greens powders don't burn fat, and detox or alkalizing claims aren't meaningful. They can help fill nutrient gaps when you're eating less and can make a daily routine easier to keep, but they don't replace protein, vegetables and whole foods. Judge one by its label, not its promises.
Do weight loss pills work?
Prescription GLP-1 medications do: about 15% of body weight with semaglutide and 15 to 21% with tirzepatide in major trials, alongside diet and exercise. They require a prescription and medical supervision. Over-the-counter pills produce small effects at best, and products marketed as GLP-1 boosters aren't medications. Talk with your doctor if you're considering them.
More weight loss & nutrition guides
Keep reading
NutritionHow Does Protein Affect the Body? Science-Based Guide
Weight lossTabata Workout Routine for Women at Home: Complete Guide with 3 Fat-Burning Circuits
Weight lossHow to Lose Inches Off Your Waist: About 4 Pounds an Inch
Sources
- Tucker J et al. Unapproved pharmaceutical ingredients included in dietary supplements associated with US Food and Drug Administration warnings. JAMA Netw Open 2018
- Smith GI et al. Effect of protein supplementation during diet-induced weight loss on muscle mass and strength: a randomized controlled study. Obesity 2018
- Kokura Y et al. Enhanced protein intake on maintaining muscle mass, strength, and physical function in adults with overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024
- van Egmond LT et al. Effects of acute sleep loss on leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin in adults with healthy weight and obesity: a laboratory study. Obesity 2023
- Leidy HJ et al. The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 (PubMed)
- Onakpoya I et al. The efficacy of glucomannan supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2014 (PubMed)
- Dulloo AG et al. Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 1989 (PubMed)
- Conger SA et al. Does caffeine increase fat metabolism? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023
- US FDA. Spilling the beans: how much caffeine is too much?
- Jurgens TM et al. Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 (PubMed)
- Grajecki D et al. Green tea extract-associated acute liver injury: case report and review. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2022
- European Food Safety Authority. EFSA assesses safety of green tea catechins, 2018
- Castagna A et al. Effect of apple cider vinegar intake on body composition in humans with type 2 diabetes and/or overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 2025
- BMJ Group. BMJ Group retracts trial on apple cider vinegar and weight loss
- Kondo T et al. Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009 (PubMed)
- Irandoost P et al. The effect of capsaicinoids or capsinoids in red pepper on thermogenesis in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2021 (PubMed)
- Kreider RB et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017
- Rockwell JA et al. Creatine supplementation affects muscle creatine during energy restriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 (PubMed)
- Unhapipatpong C et al. The effect of curcumin supplementation on weight loss and anthropometric indices: an umbrella review and updated meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2023
- Unhapipatpong C et al. PubMed record for the umbrella review above
- Halegoua-DeMarzio D et al. Liver injury associated with turmeric: a growing problem. Ten cases from the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Am J Med 2023 (PubMed)
- Saadati S et al. Beneficial effects of the probiotics and synbiotics supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2024 (PubMed)
- Reimer RA et al. The effects of chicory inulin-type fructans supplementation on weight management outcomes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2024 (PubMed)
- Pittler MH et al. Chromium picolinate for reducing body weight: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Obes 2003 (PubMed)
- Tsang C et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity. Clin Obes 2019 (PubMed)
- Million M et al. Comparative meta-analysis of the effect of Lactobacillus species on weight gain in humans and animals. Microb Pathog 2012 (PubMed)
- Park S, Bae JH. Probiotics for weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Res 2015 (PubMed)
- Onakpoya IJ et al. The efficacy of long-term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on body composition in overweight and obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Nutr 2012 (PubMed)
- Lee H, Kwak JH. Consumer perceptions influence supplement choice: a narrative review of clinically studied weight-management supplements in obesity. Nutrients 2026
- US FDA. Questions and answers about FDA's initiative against contaminated weight loss products
- US FDA. DMAA in products marketed as dietary supplements
- US FDA. Questions and answers on dietary supplements
- US FDA. FDA's concerns with unapproved GLP-1 drugs used for weight loss
- US FDA. Warning letter 731846, August 24, 2026
- de Jonge MLL et al. Review of case reports on adverse events related to pre-workout supplements containing synephrine. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2023
- Crescioli G et al. Acute liver injury following Garcinia cambogia weight-loss supplementation: case series and literature review. Intern Emerg Med 2018 (PubMed)
- Wilding JPH et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med 2021 (PubMed)
- Jastreboff AM et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2022 (PubMed)
- Asbaghi O et al. The effect of berberine supplementation on obesity parameters, inflammation and liver function enzymes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020 (PubMed)
- Zamani M et al. The effects of berberine supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2022 (PubMed)
On this page